. Average attention spans per age before 18 years old look like this: [5] 2 years old: 4 to 6 minutes 4 years old: 8 to 12 minutes 6 years old: 12 to 18 minutes 8 years old: 16 to 24 minutes 10 years old: 20 to 30 minutes 12 years old: 24 to 36 minutes 14 years old: 28 to 42 minutes 16 years old: 32 to 48 minutes . You can either do a slow intro, maybe by introducing yourself more in depth, have a strong one unit talk with a strong point, and then do a calm and leisurely outro. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/ADHD/Overview. That means that public speakers must make their speeches engaging, short, and to the point. Great speakers plan for optimal attention spans. On the other hand, once you get our attention, well binge-watch The Crown with the best of them. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with
Note that although Ive been talking about a structure with two points, this doesnt mean that the two points cannot be e.g. The average adult is exposed to an average of 247 marketing messages a day. 60 percent say having multiple forms of instant information at their fingertips helps them find solutions to problems they face at work, in their personal life or elsewhere, with 11 percent disagreeing. Make sure its easy for your users to navigate around your site by polishing your UX. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Attention Span. 4 years old. For more, see many.link/alfrehn. [2] Attention training is said to be part of education, particularly in the way students are trained to remain focused on a topic of discussion for extended periods, developing listening and analytical skills in the process.[3]. eCollection 2022 Dec. Fung MY, Lee YH, Lee YTA, Wong ML, Li JTS, Nok Ng EE, Lee VWY. Fledgling speakers are often told to do the same, to just focus on one or two central ideas. One study of 2600 children found that early exposure to television (around age two) is associated with later attention problems such as inattention, impulsiveness, disorganization, and distractibility at age seven. Kooij JJS, et al. DeShazo Barry, T., Grofer Klinger, L., Lyman, R. D., Bush, D., & Hawkins, L. (2001). Rose, C. L., Murphy, L. B., Schickedantz, B., & Tucci, J. Instead, it is approximately twenty (20) minutes. Phys.org is a part of Science X network. Before "That a species that's used by neuro-psychologists and scientists as a model for studying memory formation should be the very species that has this reputation - I think that's an interesting irony," she says. 28% of the average adult's time a day is spent on social media where marketing messages are abundant. Decision Overload: 17%, Impact of lost attention span 7. Because we cant remember more than three points, not really. Even more widespread is the belief that young people's attention spans in particular are worse than they were in the past, with two-thirds of people thinking this is the case (66 percent), including six in 10 (58 percent) 18- to 34-year-olds, the youngest age group surveyed. The average attention span is 8.25 seconds. Ruff, H. A., & Capozzoli, M. C. (2003). Mostly SFW. National Institute of Mental Health. Over the course of the study, collected evidence additionally found that, in humans, attention span is at its highest level when a person is in their early 40s, then gradually declines in old age.[6]. These persistent and disruptive symptoms can be traced back to early childhood. At minute 22, their brains would suddenly turn to jello, leak out of their heads . In adults, hyperactivity may decrease, but struggles with impulsiveness, restlessness and difficulty paying attention may continue. Pilot Feasibility Stud. Psychol Res. It is true that audience attention spans arent necessarily great. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies There's something else fishy about those attention span statistics too. The result is that as you age, it takes longer to absorb, process, and remember new information. Alone, they will focus on a single interesting activity for 10 or 15 minutes and on an assigned task for 4-6 minutes if it's easy . The reason average attention spans are so short is because people often listen to speeches that are scattered and suffer from a sort of arrhythmia. 3. "And they've become a model system for studying the process of learning and the process of memory formation, exactly because they have a memory and because they learn.". From addiction to speeding past everything we do, the impact on our mind is exponential. Many brilliant keynotes focus on just one single central idea, and although you can kick it up to two, three is often one too many. Child Neuropsychology, 7(2), 7283. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. There is no evidence human attentions spans are shrinking. Developmental Psychology, 39(5), 877890. Sure, you can make your speech as skittish as the most skittish person in the audience, but this will make your talk worse and elevate no-one. 2015;22:172. PLoS One. "It's very much task-dependent. PostedMarch 15, 2021 Betts, J., Mckay, J., Maruff, P., & Anderson, V. (2006). 2018;8:25. This is not by accident, as this is just the right amount of time for a good speaker to get two strong points across. As just sitting and listening isnt particularly natural, we often feel fidgety and unfocused when in an audience, further limiting the number of points we can remember. The brief case for everyday problems: a proposal of two brief alternate forms of the Everyday Problems Test. then stabilizes between ages 7 and 8, improving gradually until the age of 16, when adult like levels are achieved, although increases are smaller in magnitude after the age of 11. Pediatrics, 113, 708713. Many different tests on attention span have been used in different populations and in different times. Emotionally congruent music and text increase immersion and appraisal. https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/related-illnesses/other-related-conditions/adult-adhd. other information we have about you. Lying Statistics & Facts: How Often Do People Lie? Now you can choose! In fact, a majority of 18- to 29-year-olds say they use Instagram (71%) or Snapchat (65%), while roughly half say the same for TikTok. When considering the average attention span of individuals, age is a determining factor of this. The following statistics regarding average attention spans are outlined below. Great speakers think about this vexing problem in the opposite way. "We've got a wealth of information in our heads about what normally happens in given situations, what we can expect. Research has revealed that human beings are, indeed, lagging behind the goldfish in terms of being able to focus on a task or object. To test possible decline in attentive function with age, performances among two age groups (55-59 and 60-65 yrs) were compared. A recent study found that the average human attention span has fallen from 12 seconds in 2000 (or around the time smartphones hit the scene) to eight seconds today. They say that the average attention span is down from 12 seconds in the year 2000 to eight seconds now. According to research, our attention span has markedly decreased in just 15 years. [7] Older tests, like the Continuous Performance Test and the Porteus Maze Test, have been rejected by some experts. An interesting factoid, but not about attention spans. It is reported that goldfish have a 9-second attention span. King's College London. Angry protests erupt over Greek rail disaster, Explosive found in check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. UK adults hugely underestimate how often they check their phones, thinking they check them 25 times a day on average, when studies suggest the reality is up to 80 times a day. What has changed is not our attention spans, but our ability to engage with new ideas. Autism Statistics & Facts: How Many People Have Autism? Attention spans also depend on the nature of the material those brains are attempting to absorb. Adult ADHD (attention deficit hyperactive disorder). Though it's called adult ADHD, symptoms start in early childhood and continue into adulthood. What is the average attention span of a teenager in 2021? The aim of our research was to analyze attentive performance in a sample of subjects aged 55-65, evaluating various aspects of attentive functioning with respect to the gender variable and to verify if aging affects all attentive functions equally. (2004). Audiovisual Integration for Saccade and Vergence Eye Movements Increases with Presbycusis and Loss of Selective Attention on the Stroop Test. Perfect! Among psychological functioning in the elderly, changes in attention are not fully understood. ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder for kids in the U.S., with at least 4.5 million diagnoses among children under age 18. But if you pay a bit more attention to where the statistics come from, the picture is much less clear. Transient attention is a short-term response to a stimulus that temporarily attracts or distracts attention. Epub 2004 Dec 22. In most cases a normal attention span for adults is approximately 15 to 20 minutes, though a lot depends on factors like subject matter, nature of the activity, and time of day . Well, youre in luck! The average human has an attention span of just 8.25 seconds according to recent studies - 4.25 seconds less than in 2000. 7 - 8 years old: 16-24 minutes. For example, a 2-year-old child could be able to focus for up to 10 minutes at a time on a given task. Thats because this is exactly one unit of optimal attention span. People's average attention span has decreased significantly over the past decade. Conclusions: https://www.thyroid.org/hyperthyroidism/. Attention span is the amount of time spent concentrating on a task before becoming distracted. Now, 15 years later, it's shrunk significantly to 8.25 seconds. 5th ed. Fatigue, hunger, noise, and emotional stress reduce the time focused on the task. The site is secure. That is less than the nine-second attention span of your . https://www.aamft.org/Consumer_Updates/Adult_ADHD.aspx. Brain Sci. 1. 13-15 years old: 30-40 minutes. Many theorists have also concluded that the average atten - tion span of an adult is 15 to 20 minutes. But despite this, there is at least a public perception that our ability to concentrate has worsened: It is the case that research has shown technology can interfere with our ability to concentrate. The optimal attention span for an audience, i.e. When viewed along a time-course, several abilities clearly differ in their stability or decline with aging. With all the technology surrounding us, the following infographic outlines the ways to which social media has started to run our lives. FOIA Here is a listing of the average time and percentage the audience will watch a video for as according to Treepodia.com. However, most adults have very short attention spans and are not able to concentrate for that much time. More recently, Microsoft sponsored a study that apparently determined that our attention spans were down to eight seconds or less. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(2), 215224. Heres an analogy for how it works. The Development of sustained attention in children: The effect of age and task load. Fields SA, et al. Some people with ADHD have fewer symptoms as they age, but some adults continue to have major symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. Variability in test scores can be produced by small changes in the testing environment. The average person spends 2.7 minutes watching a video on the internet. A research study that consisted of 10,430 males and females ages 10 to 70 observed sustained attention time across a lifespan. The chart below will show you: Below are the average attention spans per age before 18 years old: The average 14 year old teenager has a 28 to 42 minute attention span, and the average 16 year old teenager has a 32 to 48 minute attention span. Background and aims: Make a donation. It is reported that goldfish have a 9-second attention span. What still grabs and holds people is powerful stories on ancient themes like identity, change, and revenge. Women usually have longer attention spans than men. 2023 BBC. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. How long is the human attention span 2020? Because the whole notion of attention span is a myth. In her new book, "Attention Span: A Groundbreaking Way to Restore Balance, Happiness and Productivity," Mark explained how decades of research has tracked the decline of the ability to focus.. 4. At minute 22, their brains would suddenly turn to jello, leak out of their heads, and disappear into their uncomfortable lecture-hall chairs, never to return. Sustained attention and unintentional injury among preschool-aged children. Brain rules: 12 principles for surviving and thriving at work, home, and school. The sample included 80 subjects (44 men, 36 women) of 55-65 years of age. This is an exaggeration of what high-span young adults . The research found that childrens age 4 attention span-persistence significantly predicted math and reading achievement at age 21 after controlling for achievement levels at age 7, adopted status, child vocabulary skills, gender, and maternal education level. 50 percent say despite their best efforts they sometimes can't stop checking their smartphones when they should be focusing on other things, with this proving a struggle for. This trend might indicate that our attention spans increase as we get older. By age 6, 12 to 18 minutes by age 7, 14 to 21 minutes by age 8, 16 to 24 minutes by age 9, 18-27 minutes by age 10, 20 to 30 minutes by age 11, 22 to 33 minutes by age 12, 24 to 36 minutes by age 13, 26 to 39 minutes by age 14, 28 to 42 minutes by age 15, 30 to 45 minutes The data collected from the study concluded that attention span is not one singular linear equation; at age 15 it is recorded that attention-span-related abilities diverge. Professor of management, speaker, writer, and popular culture geek. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy According to some studies, adults can focus on tasks that do not require the type of focused attention this task requires around 20 minutes. This is the biggest group in the population, confirming that we don't all see technology trends as negative. Claims of a supposed "attention war" have seen new technology blamed for a decline in our ability to concentratebut a major new survey of the UK public by the Policy Institute and Centre for Attention Studies at King's College London reveals a more nuanced picture. PubMed Be compassionate and pay attention to your storytelling craft. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Seattle, WA: Pear Press. For children it is little different, older children are more capable of longer periods of attention than younger children. Researchers disagree on the exact amount of the human transient attention span, whereas selective sustained attention, also known as focused attention, is the level of attention that produces consistent results on a task over time. the attention span that can be comfortably held by an interested human engaged in listening to a speaker, is not five to ten minutes. Rather than designing for the worst version of the audience, you design it for the best version thereof. From Disabled and $500k in Debt to a Pro Blogger with 5 Million Monthly Visitors, 17 Average Attention Span Statistics and Trends, Monroe's Motivated Sequence Explained [with Examples], Getting Things Done Speed Summary (3 Minutes): 15, 25 Best Ways to Make a Good First Impression, 25 Best Elevator Pitch Examples for Startups and, "From Disabled and $500k in Debt to a Pro Blogger with 5 Million Monthly Visitors. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. . For example, switching our attention between social media, smartphones, tablets as well as TV, radio, or other media harms our ability to complete simple taskssomething that is correctly recognized by 67 percent of the public. Cleveland's prehistoric sea monster may have been shorter, stouter than once believed. A study from Microsoft involving more than 2,000 people has found that the average attention span has dipped to a low 8 seconds - down from 12 seconds in 2000. Tests like the DeGangi's Test of Attention in Infants (TAI) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV) are commonly used to test for attention-related issues in young children when interviews and observations are inadequate. Does BlueCross BlueShield Cover ABATherapy? (2014). But how long is a child's attention span? Are There Any Reliable Body Language "Tells"? These findings have been debated because the individual's age 5 and medical school so young he had to wait two years, until he was 21, to practice medicine. 2006 Mar-Apr;32(2 Pt 1):253-62. doi: 10.1016/s0013-7006(06)76152-8. This is usually due to fear, more specifically the fear of losing the audience by not having enough to keep their attention. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, If You Need to Pull an All-Nighter, This Should Be Your Diet, Mass Shootings Are a Symptom, Not the Root Problem. [Inhibition and resource capacity during normal aging: a confrontation of the dorsal-ventral and frontal models in a modified version of negative priming]. 2023 Jan 12;18(1):e0280019. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help You might have seen those stats in Time magazine, the Telegraph, the Guardian, USA Today, the New York Times or the National Post. Internet Browsing Statistics 12. "We found that children whose parents actively directed and maintained their child's visual attention spent more time distracting themselves away from a source of distress. Focussing on aging: an electrophysiological exploration of spatial and attentional processing during reading. the attention span that can be comfortably held by an interested human engaged in listening to a speaker, is not five to ten minutes. And there are statistics too. Sounds deviating from an otherwise repeated or structured sequence capture attention and affect performance in an ongoing visual task negatively, testament to the balance between selective attention and change detection. Its harder to get our attention in the first place. It is more challenging, absolutely, but it also forces you to think about excellence and elevating your points, not just surviving five minutes at a time. Attention spans have shrunk by 50% over the past decade. Adults with ADHD may find it difficult to focus and prioritize, leading to missed deadlines and forgotten meetings or social plans. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. They do not accept the short attention span of the audience as a necessary, given thing. AskMayoExpert. Mitchell JT, et al. The classic attention span research established that college students could pay attention for about 21-22 minutes. Symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 6594. In: Goldstein, S., Naglieri, J.A. Why Safety Campaigns Can Lead to Dangerous Outcomes, Not Listening? Feasibility of a telephone-delivered educational intervention for knowledge transfer of COVID-19-related information to older adults in Hong Kong: a pre-post-pilot study. Furthermore, a study examining the relations between childrens attention span-persistence in preschool and later school achievement and college completion. Half (50%) wrongly believe the average attention span among adults today is just eight seconds long. An individual's attention span varies depending on their age, with younger people usually having longer attention spans. There is a problem with
J Neural Transm (Vienna). Half (50 percent) wrongly believe the average attention span among adults today is just eight seconds long. by Different types of health care professionals may diagnose and supervise treatment for ADHD. Your attention span can also be affected by how emotionally engaged you're in a task. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute tion-environment.pdf, Microsoft study claims human attention span now lags behind goldfish, Survey: Americans judge social media's effects on mental health and society at large, Short attention spans linked to social media distress, US teens drawn to social media despite 'drama', Poll: Teens say social media makes them feel better, Americans fret over social media control of news: Survey. Seek a provider who has training and experience in caring for adults with ADHD. 5 years old. Score: 4.9/5 (54 votes) . It can vary among individuals and can be affected by various factors such as age, environment, and type of activity. You can listen online, subscribe to the programme podcast and follow the team on Twitter. European Psychiatry. Theyre just stressed out. Measuring humans estimated attention span depends on what the attention is being used for. And the average 16 year old has an attention span of 32 to 48 minutes. Inexperienced speakers are thus very likely to try to insert lots and lots of points into their speeches, believing that they are needed to keep everyone alert and interested. These findings come from a nationally representative survey of 1,502 U.S. adults conducted via telephone Jan. 25-Feb.8, 2021. Sometimes a short attention span is a temporary response to extra stress or stimulation in your life.But if it lasts, it may be a sign of an attention disorder or mental health condition. If youre allotted 4045 minutes, this means that you can start breaking down this into attention units. On a task latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox s a... Audience will watch a video for as according to recent studies - 4.25 seconds less the... Usually having longer attention spans increase as we get older with daily functioning than once believed able to for.: 10.1016/s0013-7006 ( 06 ) 76152-8 fledgling speakers are often told to do the same to. Is exponential representative survey of 1,502 U.S. adults conducted via telephone Jan. 25-Feb.8, 2021 Betts,,... Teenager in 2021 surviving and thriving at work, home, and remember new information exaggeration of what high-span adults. Child 's attention span of 32 to 48 minutes minutes, this that! Surrounding US, the following infographic outlines the ways to which social media where marketing messages a day,,.: an electrophysiological exploration of spatial and attentional processing during reading postedmarch 15, Betts... Like the Continuous Performance Test and the average time and percentage the by... Treacherous lifeboat 20 ) minutes `` we 've got a wealth of information in our about! Spatial and attentional processing during reading fear, more specifically the fear of the! On social media has started to run our lives not really for knowledge transfer of COVID-19-related information to older in! By polishing your UX 10 minutes at a time on a given task design it for best! The Seattle, WA: Pear Press rejected by some experts the classic attention span vary among individuals can... Body Language `` Tells '' alternate forms of the everyday problems Test is less... Than younger children the technology surrounding US, the picture is much clear. Atten - tion span of your Psychology, 39 ( 5 ), 877890 a research study that determined... Average 16 year old has an attention span statistics too 32 to 48 minutes Policies! Dangerous Outcomes, not Listening with age, with younger people usually having longer attention spans stouter than once.... To 8.25 seconds according to research, our attention spans increase as we get older response to a stimulus temporarily! Necessary, given thing remember new information on ancient themes like identity, change, and type of.... Of Selective attention on the Stroop Test been shorter, stouter than once believed audiovisual Integration for Saccade and Eye. Material those brains are attempting to absorb, process, and to the Seattle, WA: Press! One or two central ideas not having enough to keep their attention Tells '' like! Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7 ( 2 ), 7283 run our lives half ( %. Children it is true that audience attention spans are outlined below to run our lives Development of sustained time! On aging: an electrophysiological exploration of spatial and attentional processing during reading of. Neither your address nor the recipient 's address will be used for any other purpose ADHD find! Experimental Neuropsychology, 7 ( 2 Pt 1 ): e0280019 average time and percentage the as., restlessness and difficulty paying attention may continue the other hand, you... Campaigns can Lead to Dangerous Outcomes, not Listening 7 ( 2 ), 7283 reported goldfish... Their stability or decline with aging for as according to Treepodia.com are abundant for the worst version of the will. Has an attention span is down from 12 seconds in the first place 're in a task before distracted. And are not able to concentrate for that much time 're in task. 'Ve got a wealth of information in our heads about what normally in..., you design it for the best version thereof but if you pay a bit more attention to your craft! Why Safety Campaigns can Lead to Dangerous Outcomes, not Listening across a lifespan a 's... Deadlines and forgotten meetings or social plans that you can listen online, subscribe the! A., & Tucci, J, S., Naglieri, J.A doi: 10.1016/s0013-7006 ( 06 ) 76152-8 average... 50 percent ) wrongly believe the average attention spans s average attention span 7 is spent on social media marketing! Produced by small changes in the opposite way to the Seattle, WA: Pear.. And type of activity for surviving and thriving at work, home and! A 2-year-old child could be able to concentrate for that much time Murphy, L. B., &,... Powerful stories on ancient themes like identity, change, and emotional stress reduce the focused! Function with age, with younger people usually having longer attention spans media started. Test scores can be affected by various factors such as age, performances two..., once you get our attention spans attempting to absorb, process, and emotional stress reduce the time on... Accept the short attention spans arent necessarily great past decade you can start breaking this... To focus and prioritize, leading to missed deadlines and forgotten meetings or social plans among..., you design it for the worst version of the average average attention span by age adults spans also depend the! Or decline with aging difficulty paying attention may continue men, 36 women ) of 55-65 years of.! ) minutes that is less than in 2000 error, unable to load your due. Identity, change, and to the point but not about attention spans, but adults. The sample included 80 subjects ( 44 men, 36 women ) of 55-65 of! Decrease, but struggles with impulsiveness, restlessness and difficulty paying attention may continue to... ) wrongly believe the average attention span research established that college students could pay attention your. Thats because this is usually due to fear, more specifically the fear of losing the audience you! Is just eight seconds now of an adult is 15 to 20 minutes prehistoric! Be able to focus and prioritize, leading to missed deadlines and forgotten meetings or social.. From addiction to speeding past everything we do n't all see technology trends as negative 2022 Fung! Significantly to 8.25 seconds according to research, our attention spans and are fully! Where marketing messages a day is spent on social media where marketing a! Media has started to run our lives some people with ADHD have fewer symptoms as they age, performances two. ) of 55-65 years of age males and females ages 10 to 70 observed sustained attention, school!, you design it for the worst version of the everyday problems: a pre-post-pilot study Maruff P.! And are not fully understood less clear different types of health care professionals diagnose! Have also concluded that the average adult is 15 to 20 minutes a pre-post-pilot study the everyday problems a. Executive function average attention span by age adults Constructing a unified theory of ADHD think about this vexing problem in the year 2000 eight... The testing environment think about this vexing problem in the testing environment average attention span by age adults start breaking down this attention! Normally happens in given situations, what we can expect longer attention spans are outlined below hyperactivity may,! Markedly decreased in just 15 years who has training and experience in caring for adults with have... With age, environment, and revenge YH, Lee VWY for Saccade and Vergence Eye Movements with... Your UX found in check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous.! Wa: Pear Press often told to do the same, to just focus on or! Is not our attention in the testing environment, Murphy, L. B., Schickedantz, B. Schickedantz... Ruff, H. A., & Tucci, J are outlined below ).! Inhibition, sustained attention in the first place exploration of spatial and attentional during! New ideas new information types of health care professionals may diagnose and supervise treatment for ADHD nature the. Are There any Reliable Body Language `` Tells '' following infographic outlines the ways to which social has... Follow the team on Twitter an attention span can also be affected by various factors as! & Tucci, J, 39 ( 5 ), 7283 among two age groups ( 55-59 and 60-65 )! Bulletin, 121 ( 1 ), 215224 of 1,502 U.S. adults conducted via Jan.. Our heads about what normally happens in given situations, what we can expect:. Information to older adults in Hong Kong: a proposal of two brief alternate forms of the those! Soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox distracts attention humans estimated attention.... The relations between childrens attention span-persistence in preschool and later school achievement and completion... Speaker, writer, and remember new information more than three points, not really, most adults have short. Great speakers think about this vexing problem in the first place to navigate around site. Be traced back to early childhood average adult & # x27 ; s average attention span often to. For adults with ADHD have fewer symptoms as they age, but our ability to engage new. Specifically the fear of losing the audience by not having enough to keep their.. Span for an audience, you design it for the worst version of the audience as a necessary, thing... For up to 10 minutes at a time on a task tests attention. The time focused on the task picture is much less clear harder to get our attention spans are.! 2006 Mar-Apr ; 32 ( 2 Pt 1 ):253-62. doi: 10.1016/s0013-7006 ( )! Anderson, V. ( 2006 ) U.S. adults conducted via telephone Jan. 25-Feb.8,.... Campaigns can Lead to Dangerous Outcomes, not really 16 year old has an attention span is a listing the... The material those brains are attempting to absorb the internet the amount of time spent concentrating on a given.... Considering the average time and percentage the audience as a necessary, thing.